Colloid electrohydrodynamics

This brief extracted review presents the recent development in basic and applied science and engineering of finely dispersed particles and related systems in general, but more profound and in-depth treatise are related to the liquid-liquid finely dispersed systems, i.e. emulsions and double emulsions. Twenty-five years ago, the idea, at first very fogy, came out from the pilot plant experiments related to the extraction Of uranium from wet phosphoric acid. In particular the solution of the entrainment problems, breaking of emulsions/double emulsions, as the succession of the extraction and stripping operations/processes, was performed In this pilot plant, secondary liquid-liquid phase separation loop was designed and carried out. The loop consisted of a lamellar coalescer and four flotation cells in series. Central equipment in the loop, relevant to this investigation, was the lamellar coalescer. The phase separation in this equipment is based on the action of external forces of mechanical and/or electrical origin, while adhesive processes at the inclined filling plates occur. Since many of related processes, e.g. adhesive processes, rupture processes and coalescence, were not very well understood, deeper research of these events and phenomena was a real scientific challenge

Supporting Pharmacovigilance Signal Validation and Prioritization with Analyses of Routinely Collected Health Data: Lessons Learned from an EHDEN Network Study

Introduction: Individual case reports are the main asset in pharmacovigilance signal management. Signal validation is the first stage after signal detection and aims to determine if there is sufficient evidence to justify further assessment. Throughout signal management, a prioritization of signals is continually made. Routinely collected health data can provide relevant contextual information but are primarily used at a later stage in pharmacoepidemiological studies to assess communicated signals. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility and utility of analysing routine health data from a multinational distributed network to support signal validation and prioritization and to reflect on key user requirements for these analyses to become an integral part of this process. Methods: Statistical signal detection was performed in VigiBase, the WHO global database of individual case safety reports, targeting generic manufacturer drugs and 16 prespecified adverse events. During a 5-day study-a-thon, signal validation and prioritization were performed using information from VigiBase, regulatory documents and the scientific literature alongside descriptive analyses of routine health data from 10 partners of the European Health Data and Evidence Network (EHDEN). Databases included in the study were from the UK, Spain, Norway, the Netherlands and Serbia, capturing records from primary care and/or hospitals. Results: Ninety-five statistical signals were subjected to signal validation, of which eight were considered for descriptive analyses in the routine health data. Design, execution and interpretation of results from these analyses took up to a few hours for each signal (of which 15–60 minutes were for execution) and informed decisions for five out of eight signals. The impact of insights from the routine health data varied and included possible alternative explanations, potential public health and clinical impact and feasibility of follow-up pharmacoepidemiological studies. Three signals were selected for signal assessment, two of these decisions were supported by insights from the routine health data. Standardization of analytical code, availability of adverse event phenotypes including bridges between different source vocabularies, and governance around the access and use of routine health data were identified as important aspects for future development. Conclusions: Analyses of routine health data from a distributed network to support signal validation and prioritization are feasible in the given time limits and can inform decision making. The cost–benefit of integrating these analyses at this stage of signal management requires further research

Application of fractional calculus to the electroviscoelastic behaviour of liquid/liquid interfaces

Using fractional-order alpha (0,1) , capacitive and inductive elements one can obtain linear and/or nonlinear fractional integral-differential equation of the van der Pol type, i.e. more generalized mathematical formalism for description of the electroviscoelastic behavior of liquid/liquid interfaces e.g. in finely dispersed systems, emulsions or double emulsions. First, in this paper, it is obtained nonlinear van der Pol model applying (alpha,beta ) order and variable order approach, alpha =alpha (t) . Also,it is proposed applying generalized differential transform method using Caputo definition of fractional operators to obtain a analytical homogeneous solution of a linear equation of van der Pol model of non-integer order. Finally, it is proposed numerical algorithm using approximation of Caputo derivative for calculating the corresponding homogeneous solution of linear fractional differential equation of the van der Pol type

Iterative learning feedback control algorithms of PIalpha Dbeta type in process control systems

In this paper, a PIalphaD beta type of iterative learning feedback control is proposed for class - fractional linear time invariant system. The learning control scheme comprises two types of control laws: a PDalpha feedback law and a PIalphaDbeta feed-forward control law.A sufficient condition for convergence of a proposed ILC will be given by the theorem and proved.Using feedback loop, the PDalpha controller provides better stability of the system and keeps its state errors within uniform bounds

Electron transfer at rigid and deformable interfaces: electroviscoelasticity

Up to now, there are three possible mathematical formalisms discussed related to the theory of electroviscoelasticity. The first is tension tensor model where the normal and tangential forces are considered regardless of their origin (mechanical and/or electrical). The second is Van der Pol derivative model. Finally, the third, here presented, model comprises an effort to generalize the previous Van der Pol equation; i.e. the ordinary time derivatives and integrals are now replaced with corresponding fractional-order time derivatives

Electron transfer at rigid and deformable interfaces: electroviscoelasticity

Up to now, there are three possible mathematical formalisms discussed related to the theory of electroviscoelasticity. The first is tension tensor model where the normal and tangential forces are considered regardless of their origin (mechanical and/or electrical). The second is Van der Pol derivative model. Finally, the third, here presented, model comprises an effort to generalize the previous Van der Pol equation; i.e. the ordinary time derivatives and integrals are now replaced with corresponding fractional-order time derivatives

Theory of electroviscoelasticity

Electroviscosity and electroviscoelasticity are terms that may be dealing with fluid flow effects on physical, chemical, and biochemical processes. The hydrodynamic or electrodynamic motion is considered in the presence of both potential (elastic forces) and nonpotential (resistance forces) fields. The elastic forces are gravitational, buoyancy, and electrostatic or electrodynamic (Lorentz), and the resistance forces are continuum resistance or viscosity and electrical resistance or impedance

Electroviscoelasticity of liquid/liquid interfaces: Fractional order van der Pol model -nonlinear and linearized case

A number of theories that describe the behavior of liquid-liquid interfaces have been developed and applied to various dispersed systems e.g., Stokes, Reiner-Rivelin, Ericksen, Einstein, Smoluchowski, Kinch. A new, recently developed, theory of electroviscoelasticity describes the behavior of electrified liquid-liquid interfaces in fine dispersed systems, and is based on a new constitutive model of liquids. Up to day, there are three possible mathematical formalisms discussed related to the theory of electroviscoelasticity. The first is tension tensor model where the normal and tangential forces are considered, only in mathematical formalism, regardless of their origin (mechanical and/or electrical). The second is van der Pol derivative model presented by the linear and non-linear differential equations. Finally, the third model presents an effort to generalize the previous van der Pol equation, i.e. the ordinary time derivatives and integrals are now replaced with corresponding fractional-order time derivatives and integrals of order p lt 1. Central parts of this paper are: proposed algorithm, using suitable numerical method, to obtain a homogeneous solution of a previous nonlinear equation of van der Pol type, and numerical solution of linearized fractional equation of the van der Pol type, using Grunwald definition of fractional differ-integral forms

Theory of electroviscoelasticity

Electroviscosity and electroviscoelasticity are terms that may be dealing with fluid flow effects on physical, chemical, and biochemical processes. The hydrodynamic or electrodynamic motion is considered in the presence of both potential (elastic forces) and nonpotential (resistance forces) fields. The elastic forces are gravitational, buoyancy, and electrostatic or electrodynamic (Lorentz), and the resistance forces are continuum resistance or viscosity and electrical resistance or impedance

Electroviscoelasticity of liquid/liquid interfaces: Fractional order van der Pol model -nonlinear and linearized case

A number of theories that describe the behavior of liquid-liquid interfaces have been developed and applied to various dispersed systems e.g., Stokes, Reiner-Rivelin, Ericksen, Einstein, Smoluchowski, Kinch. A new, recently developed, theory of electroviscoelasticity describes the behavior of electrified liquid-liquid interfaces in fine dispersed systems, and is based on a new constitutive model of liquids. Up to day, there are three possible mathematical formalisms discussed related to the theory of electroviscoelasticity. The first is tension tensor model where the normal and tangential forces are considered, only in mathematical formalism, regardless of their origin (mechanical and/or electrical). The second is van der Pol derivative model presented by the linear and non-linear differential equations. Finally, the third model presents an effort to generalize the previous van der Pol equation, i.e. the ordinary time derivatives and integrals are now replaced with corresponding fractional-order time derivatives and integrals of order p lt 1. Central parts of this paper are: proposed algorithm, using suitable numerical method, to obtain a homogeneous solution of a previous nonlinear equation of van der Pol type, and numerical solution of linearized fractional equation of the van der Pol type, using Grunwald definition of fractional differ-integral forms